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Study scope and sources
Israel and Judah; Egypt, Assyria, Babylonia and Persia; Greece and Rome; China, India, Japan, Russia and Mongol polities; European, African, Indigenous American and Polynesian kingdoms and confederacies.
This is a selective, source-backed corpus. A gap in the timeline or map is a coverage gap, not evidence that no community or polity existed. Sources and historical qualifications accompany every selected record.
The power/territory view combines dated political centers with 15 reviewed, approximate political-extent samples from Cliopatria. Choose a sample date to view its source, license and uncertainty. Polygons do not distinguish direct rule from claims or tributary relations, and are never interpolated between dates. Five previously rejected Roman reconstructions remain excluded.